Our species is the only one that survived out of a bush of many extinct forms. About 50,000 years ago, it expanded out of Africa and eventually colonized the whole planet, modifying its environment and controlling the genome of other living beings. This spectacular adaptive success is the result of a long interaction between biology and culture. In its course, major biological functions were complemented by technical and social adaptations, allowing us to cope with very diverse conditions in a flexible and reversible way. Noticeably, the development of our very large brain required changes in our diet and the way we grow up. These biological changes have had many implications on our cognitive plasticity and on our psychology.